Experience

Interventional/Experimental Studies

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• Macdonald SM, Bosio E, Keijzers G, Burrows S, Hibbs M, O’Donoghue H, Taylor D, Mukherjee A, Kinnear FB, Smart L, Ascencio-Lane J, Litton E, Fraser J, Shapiro NI, Arendts G, Fatovich D. Effect of intravenous fluid volume on biomarkers of endothelial glycocalyx shedding and inflammation during initial resuscitation of sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023 11:21.

• Claus M, Smart L, Raisis AL, Sharp CR, Abraham S, Gummer GPA, Mead MK, Bradley DL, van Swelm R, Wiegerinck ETG, Litton E. Effect of deferoxamine on post-transfusion iron, inflammation, and in vitro microbial growth in a canine hemorrhagic shock model: a randomized controlled blinded pilot study. Veterinary Sciences 2023 10(2):121. 

• Boyd CJ, Raisis AL, Sharp CR, Claus M, Hosgood G, Smart L. Biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation in dogs after randomized administration of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or Hartmann’s Solution. Animals 2022 12(19):2691.  

• Claus MA, Poh D, Smart L, Purcell S, Boyd CJ, Sharp CR. Effect of leukoreduction on inflammation in critically ill dogs receiving red blood cell transfusions: A randomized blinded controlled clinical trial. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2022 36(2):1248-1257. 

• Brabant O, Crivellari B, Hosgood G, Raisis AL, Waldmann A, Auer U, Adler A, Smart L, Laurence M, Mosing M. Effects of PEEP on the relationship between tidal volume and total impedance change measured via electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2022;36:325–334.

• Smart L, Boyd C, Litton E, Pavey W, Vlaskovsky P, Ali U, Mori T, Barden A, Ho KM. A randomised controlled trial of succinylated gelatin (4%) fluid on urinary acute kidney injury biomarkers in cardiac surgical patients. Intensive Care Med Exp 2021 Sep 22;9(1):48. doi: 10.1186/s40635-021-00412-9.

• Chee W, Sharp CR, Boyd CJ, Smart L, Claus MA. Stability of ex vivo coagulation factor activity in never frozen and thawed refrigerated canine plasma stored for 42 days. J Vet Emerg Crit Care, 2021 Nov 12. doi: 10.1111/vec.13152. 

• Boyd C, Sharp C, Claus MA, Raisis AL, Hosgood G, Smart L. Prospective randomized controlled blinded clinical trial evaluating biomarkers of acute kidney injury following 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or Hartmann's solution in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2021;31(3):306-314.

• Mead MK, Claus MA, Litton E, Smart L, Raisis A, Rossi G, Trengrove D, Gummer JPA. Identification of The Canidae Iron Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin. Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):19400. 

• Boyd CJ, Claus MA, Raisis A, Cianciolo R, Bosio E, Hosgood G, Nabity M, Mori T, Barden A, Sharp C, Smart L. Evaluation of biomarkers of kidney injury following 4% succinylated gelatin and 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 administration in a canine hemorrhagic shock model. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2019;29(2):132-142. 

• Yam EZY, Boyd C, Hosgood G, Claus MA, Raisis A, Sharp C, Smart L. 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and 4% succinylated gelatine interfere with refractometric measurement of total plasma protein and urine specific gravity in dogs with haemorrhagic shock. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019;46(5):579-586. 

• Smart L, Macdonald SPJ, Bosio E, Fatovich D, Neil C, Arendts G. Bolus therapy with 3% hypertonic saline or 0.9% saline in Emergency Department patients with infection: a pilot randomised controlled trial. J Crit Care 2019;52:33-39. 

• Boyd CJ, Claus MA, Raisis AL, Hosgood G, Sharp CR, Smart L. Hypocoagulability and platelet dysfunction are exacerbated by synthetic colloids in a canine hemorrhagic shock model. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:279. 

• Yam EZY, Hosgood G, Rossi G, Smart L. Synthetic colloid fluids, 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 and 4% succinylated gelatin, interfere with total plasma protein measurements in vitro. Vet Clin Pathol 2018;47(4):575-581. 

• Smart L, Boyd CJ, Claus MA, Bosio E, Hosgood G, Raisis A. Large-volume crystalloid fluid is associated with increased hyaluronan shedding and inflammation in a canine hemorrhagic shock model. Inflammation 2018;41(4):1515-1523. 

• MacDonald SPJ, McD Taylor D, Keijzers G, Arendts G, Fatovich D, Kinnear FB, Bellomo R, Brown SGA, Burrows S, Fraser JF, Litton E, McCutcheon D, Smart L, Anstey M, Vlad I, Winnearls J, Wibrow B. Fluid-restricted versus fluid-liberal resuscitation in sepsis; study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial: The Restricted Fluid Resuscitation in Sepsis-associated Hypotension (REFRESH) trial. Trials 2017 18(1):399 

• McBride D, Hosgood GL, Raisis A and Smart L. The effect of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 compared to 0.9% NaCl administered to greyhounds in haemorrhagic shock. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44(3): 444-451 

• Peacock RE, Swindells KL, Hosgood GL, and Smart L. A randomized, controlled clinical trial of an intravenous lipid emulsion for the treatment of permethrin toxicosis in cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2015;25(5):597-605. 

• Raisis A, Drynan E, Smart L and Hosgood GL. Cardiovascular function during maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane or alfaxalone infusion in greyhounds experiencing blood loss. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015;42:133-141. 

• McBride D, Hosgood GL, Mansfield CS, and Smart L. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and 200/0.5 solutions on canine platelet function in vitro. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74: 1133-1137. 

• Smart L, Jandrey KE, Wierenga JR, Tablin F. The effect of hetastarch in vivo on platelet function in the dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2009: 19(5); 444-449.  

• Smart L, Hopper K, Aldrich J, George J, Kass PH, Haskins SC. The effect of hetastarch on specific gravity and osmolality of urine in the dog. J Vet Intern Med 2009: 23(2); 388-91.  

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Observational Studies

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• Lauinger CA, Wright L, Smart L. Characteristics and outcome of 73 dogs with iron EDTA molluscicide ingestion in Melbourne, Australia (2013–2019). Aust Vet J 2024; DOI: 10.1111/avj.13388. 

• Gaudette S*, Smart L*, Woodward AP, Sharp CR, Hughes D, Bailey SR, Dandrieux JRS, Santos L, Boller M. Biomarkers of endothelial activation and inflammation in dogs with organ dysfunction secondary to sepsis. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023 10:1127099. 

• Turner K, Boyd CJ, Rossi G, Sharp CR, Claus MA, Francis A, Smart L. Allergy, inflammation, hepatopathy and coagulation biomarkers in dogs with suspected anaphylaxis due to insect envenomation. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022 9:875339. 

• Macdonald SM, Bosio E, Shapiro NI, Balmer L, Burrows S, Hibbs M, Jowitt T, Smart L, Arendts G, Fatovich D. No association between intravenous fluid volume and endothelial glycocalyx shedding in patients undergoing resuscitation for sepsis in the emergency department. Scientific Reports 2022 12(1):8733. 

• Turner K, Boyd C, Stander  N, Smart L. Clinical characteristics of two-hundred thirty-two dogs (2006-2018) treated for suspected anaphylaxis in Perth, Western Australia. Aust Vet J 2021 Dec;99(12):505-512.

• Saarenkari H, Sharp C and Smart L. Utility of blood cultures in dogs: a historical case series (2009-2018). J Vet Emerg Crit Care, 2021 Oct 4. doi: 10.1111/vec.13144. 

• Poh D, Claus MA, Smart L, Sharp C. Transfusion practice in Australia: an internet based survey. Aust Vet J 2021, DOI: 10.1111/avj.13049. 

• M Boller, K Kelers, MA Stevenson, KD Winkel, S Hardjo, J Heller, PR Judge, HM Ong, AM Padula, C Reddrop, LCP Santos, CR Sharp, L Smart, KL Swindells, D Tabrett, JR Wierenga. SnakeMap: four years of experience with a national small animal snake envenomation registry. Aust Vet J 2020;98(9):442-448.

• Smart L, Bosio E, Macdonald SPJ, Dull R, Fatovich DM, Neil C, Arendts G. Glycocalyx biomarker syndecan-1 is a stronger predictor of respiratory failure in patients with sepsis due to pneumonia, compared to endocan. J Crit Care 2018;47:93-98. 

• Smart L, Reese S, Hosgood G. Food engorgement in 35 dogs (2009-2013): Clinical presentation compared to 36 dogs with gastric dilation and volvulus. Vet Record 2017;181(21):563 

• Smart L, MacDonald SPJ, Burrows S, Bosio E, Arendts G, Fatovich D. Endothelial glycocalyx biomarkers increase in patients with infection during Emergency Department treatment. J Crit Care 2017; 42: 304-309 

• MacDonald SPJ, Bosio E, Neil C, Arendts G, Burrows S, Smart L, Brown SGA, Fatovich DM. Resistin and NGAL are associated with inflammatory response, endothelial activation and clinical outcomes in sepsis. Inflamm Res 2017; 66(7): 611-619. 

• Purcell SL, Claus M, Hosgood G, Smart L. Interleukin-8, interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α in sequential units of canine packed red blood cells collected from retired racing greyhounds. Aust Vet J 2017;95(1-2):26-32. 

• Yam E, Hosgood G, Smart L. A comparison of the use of sodium carbonate (washing soda crystals) and apomorphine for inducing emesis in dogs. Aust Vet J 2016;94(12):474-477. 

• Purcell SL, Claus M, Hosgood G, Smart L. Effect of leukoreduction on concentrations of interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in canine packed red blood cells during storage. Am J Vet Res 2015;76:969-974. 

• Peacock RE, Hosgood GL, Swindells KL, and Smart L. Aplysia gigantea toxicosis in 72 dogs in Western Australia. Aust Vet J 2013;91(7):292-295. 

• Atwell, R, Campbell, F, Smart, L. Effects of the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, on the electrocardiogram of the Spectacled Flying Fox, Pteropus conspicillatus. Aust Vet J 2003: 81(6); 328-331. 

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Case Reports

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• Robvielle C, Smart L, Boyd CJ. Obstructive shock caused by right atrial thrombosis secondary to malignant pheochromocytoma in a dog. Aust Vet J 2020;98(9):462-466. 

• Boyd C, Smart L, Hosgood G, Claus MA. Survival-to-discharge of two dogs with pyothorax secondary to oesophageal perforation. Aust Vet J 2017;95(1-2):41-45. 

• Peacock RE and Smart L. False hyperchloraemia in a dog secondary to ingestion of horse feed supplemented with potassium bromide. Aust Vet J 2013; 91(8): 320-322. 

• Haworth M and Smart L. Use of intravenous lipid therapy in three cases of feline permethrin toxicosis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2012; 22(6): 697-702. 

• Smart, L, Jandrey, KE. Upper airway obstruction caused by a nasopharyngeal polyp and brachycephalic airway syndrome in a Shar Pei puppy. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2007: 18(4); 393-98. 

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Reviews and Textbook Chapters

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• ​Sukudom S, Smart L, Macdonald SM. Association between intravenous fluid administration and endothelial glycocalyx shedding in humans: a systematic review. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental 2024 12:1. 

• Haworth M, Smart L. Abdominal crisis. In, Ettinger S, Feldman E, Cote E, Eds: Ettinger's Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (8th edition). Elsevier. December, 2023.

• Smart L and Hopper K. Ventilator-induced lung injury. In, Silverstein D and Hopper K, Eds: Small Animal Critical Care Medicine (3rd edition). Elsevier. December, 2022.

• Smart L and Silverstein D. The endothelial surface layer. In, Silverstein D and Hopper K, Eds: Small Animal Critical Care Medicine (3rd edition). Elsevier. December, 2022.

• Boyd C and Smart L. Hemorrhagic shock. In, Silverstein D and Hopper K, Eds: Small Animal Critical Care Medicine (3rdedition). Elsevier. December, 2022.

• Smart L and Lau J. Specialized gastrointestinal techniques. In, Burkitt, JM, Davis, H, Eds: Advanced Monitoring and Procedures for Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care (2nd edition). Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd. April, 2023. 

• Smart L and Hughes D. The effects of resuscitative fluid therapy on the endothelial surface layer.  Front Vet Sci 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.661660.

• Boyd C, Brainard BM, and Smart L. Intravenous fluid therapy and the coagulation system. Front Vet Sci 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.662504.

• Boyd C and Smart L. Hypovolemic shock, in Drobatz K, Rozanski EA, Silverstein D and Hopper K (Eds) Textbook of Small Animal Emergency Medicine. Wiley & Sons Publishing. October, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/9781119028994.ch153. 

• Smart L. Ventilator-induced lung injury. In, Silverstein D and Hopper K, Eds: Small Animal Critical Care Medicine (2ndedition). Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2014:194-198. 

• Smart, L. Specialized gastrointestinal techniques. In, Burkitt, JM, Davis, H, Eds: Advanced Monitoring and Procedures for Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2012; 457-468. 

• Smart, L. The use of adrenaline, methoxamine and vasopressin in cardiopulmonary and cerebral resuscitation. Aust Vet Pract 2005: 35; 22-29. 

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Speaking Engagements

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Conferences and Workshops

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Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists Annual Scientific Meeting

• Designing a feasible study for residents and interns (2024)

• How to do a literature review (2024)

• Lasers and steroids for severe pneumonia (2024)

• Getting more from your NGT: are pH and residual volume useful clinical tools? (2023)

• The convalescing post-op GDV (2022)

• Ventilator-induced lung injury (2019)

• Utility of viscoelastic coagulation testing in practice (2019)

• An update on intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for toxicoses (2018)

• Point of Care Ultrasound Workshop (2018)

• Basic and Advanced Ventilation Workshop (2017)

• Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines – where should we depart (2017)

• The glycocalyx: the gatekeeper to the endothelium (2016)

• The cell-based model of coagulation (2014)

• Colloid controversies (2014)

• Which vasopressor? (2012)

• Advanced cardiopulmonary monitoring (2012)

• The pathophysiology of shock (2012)

• Assessing platelet function in clinical medicine (2010)

• The use of hydroxyethyl starch in dogs and cats (2010)

• The use of bisphosphonates in appendicular osteosarcoma (2004)

• Pharmacological therapy in cerebral and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (2004)

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Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Medicine Society Annual Scientific Meeting

• Comparative research in canine critical care (2024)

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Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group Meeting

• The canine model for sepsis and trauma (2019)

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Australian Veterinary Association Tasmania State Conference

• CPR Workshop (2021)

• Shock: approach and differential diagnosis (2021)

• Shock: treatment of different forms of shock (2021)

• Diagnostic pathway for the acute abdomen (2021)

• Anaphylaxis (nurses) (2021)

• Analgesia in emergency patients (nurses) (2021)

• Shock and fluid therapy principles (nurses) (2021)

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Australian Veterinary Association Western Australia State Conference

• Anaphylaxis: how to diagnose and treat in the absence of stingers and puffy faces (2021)

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Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine Annual Symposium

• The GELATI study (2019)

• Sepsis across the species; fluids, the glycocalyx and inflammation (2018)

• Saline in sepsis trial (2017)

• Glycocalyx damage in trauma and shock (2016)

• Glycocalyx damage in sepsis (2015)

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Pan-sepsis Symposium, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research​

• Sepsis in Veterinary Medicine: Is the dog with natural sepsis a good ‘model’ for human sepsis? (2018)

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World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress

• Approach to elapid envenomation (2018)

• Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for acute toxicoses (2018)

• Approach to dogs with acute gastric distension (2018)

• Approach to traumatic shock (2018)

• The adverse effects of rapid fluid administration (2018)

• Acute abdomen: Case rounds (2018)

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International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium

• Traumatic shock (2016)

• Resuscitation options for the trauma patient (2016)

• Monitoring and diagnostic tools for shock (2016)

• Glycocalyx damage in sepsis (2016)

• Heparin in sepsis: Cons (2016)

• Ventilator-induced lung injury (2014)

• GD or GDV, that is the question: approach to acute gastric distension (2014)

• Practical use of artificial colloids and how to avoid the pitfalls (2014)

• Artificial colloids (2010)

• The ins and outs of gastrointestinal decontamination (2010)

• Assessing platelet function in clinical medicine (2010)

• The use of hydroxyethyl starch in dogs and cats (2010)

 

Veterinary Nurses Council of Australia Annual Conference

• The art of triage (2011)

• CPR Workshop (2011)

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Webinars and Online Courses

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• Trauma Patient Management. TimeOnline, University of Sydney Centre for Veterinary Education (2023, 2024). 

• Tricky anaphylaxis cases. Small Animal Specialist Hospital Webinar Series (2022). 

• The essential tests for abdominal fluid analysis. VetCT 12-minute Take Homes Teleconsulting Webinar Series (2021)

• Localising the cause of respiratory distress. VetCT 12-minute Take Homes Teleconsulting Webinar Series (2021).

• Potatoes, corn and jelly: A contemporary conversation on the utility of colloids in practice. Veterinary Information Network, VECCS/VIN Webinar (2021). 

• Fluid therapy choices. Centre for Advanced Veterinary Education, Murdoch University (2019). 

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Abstracts

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• 4% succinylated gelatin is associated with increased renal oxidative stress in cardiac surgical patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. World Congress of Intensive Care, Melbourne, October 2019. 

• Large-volume crystalloid fluid is associated with increased hyaluronan shedding and inflammation in a hemorrhagic shock model. The International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Brussels, Belgium. Critical Care 2018;22(S1):P293.

• Hypertonic versus isotonic saline for initial fluid bolus in emergency department patients with suspected infection: a pilot RCT. The International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Brussels, Belgium. Critical Care 2018;22(S1):P303. 

• The GELATI Trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group Meeting, Noosa, QLD, Australia. 2017.

• Kidney injury is associated with administration of 4% succinylated gelatine in a haemorrhagic shock model. Medical Research Foundation Annual Seminar Day, Royal Perth Hospital, WA. 2016. 

• Endothelial glycocalyx damage in emergency department patients with sepsis and trauma. Medical Research Foundation Annual Seminar Day, Royal Perth Hospital, WA. 2016.

• A pressure-guided shock model did not reduce individual response variability, compared to a volume-guided model (Poster). Eighth Congress of the International Shock Societies, Tokyo, Japan. 2016.

• Increased endothelial glycocalyx damage biomarkers in Emergency Department patients with infection, compared to trauma (Poster). Eighth Congress of the International Shock Societies, Tokyo, Japan. 2016.

• Associations of glycocalyx damage biomarkers with inflammation and endothelial activation in infection compared to trauma (Poster). Eighth Congress of the International Shock Societies, Tokyo, Japan. 2016. 

• Endocan in sepsis due to community-acquired pneumonia. Medical Research Foundation Annual Seminar Day, Royal Perth Hospital, WA. 2015. 

• Food engorgement in 36 dogs: clinical presentation compared to 34 dogs with gastric dilation and volvulus (Poster). International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symp, Indianapolis, IN, USA. 2014. 

• The effect of hetastarch on specific gravity and osmolality of urine in the dog. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, San Antonio, TX, USA. 2008. 

• The effect of hetastarch in vivo on platelet function in the dog. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, San Antonio, TX, USA. 2008.